Monday, September 30, 2019
Police work with juveniles Essay
Introduction            This term paper tackles the issue of police work with juveniles. For purposes of this paper therefore, juvenile delinquency should be understood to refer to any antisocial or criminal behaviour by children or adolescents (Quint, Andrew Reisig & Mueller, 1996)            On Friday June 1996, a 9 year old and 11 year old boy were charged with the rape of an 8 year old pregnant. In addition, a pregnant girl was shot by another student in St. Louis Miami almost during that time (emergency net news, 1996). These are just but cases of Juvenile offences that the police have to deal with.            Juvenile policing has its roots in 1899 in cook county Illinois, where the first court was created as a result of ideological changes in the cultural conception and strategies of social control during the 19the century; an event that culminated into a century long process of differentiating youths from adults offenders( Quint et al. 1996)            What then is the police role in juvenile policing? Just like the adult system of criminal justice, the juvenile justice system also has three basic components, the police, courts and corrections (Larry & Welsh, 2004) More often than not, whether or not a juvenile is processed into this system is dependent upon the outcome of an encounter with the police. It is therefore true to say that, the police serve the role of the gatekeepers to the juvenile justice system. They thus begin the criminal justice system. Also, upon the arrest of a juvenile offender, the law provides for the police to release the juvenile to his or her parents or take the offender to a court (Quint et al. 1996) A new view has however emerged within the police themselves. Rather than seeing themselves as crime fighters who track down serious criminals or stop armed robberies in progress, many police departments have adopted the concept that their role be maintaining order and being a visible and accessible component of the society(Larry & Welsh, 2004)            Police research and other related studies indicate that these offender of violent juvenile crimes are likely to turn up to world be junior terrorists who can be of rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.(Quint et al 1996)            The arrest procedures for juvenile offender differ from place to place but generally, arrest becomes the primary option of securing the juvenile’s attendance to court. In addition, a written notice can be issued by police for the offender to appear in court (Larry & Welsh, 2004). This is however mostly given to minor offenders. The investigating officer then notices the parent or guardian about the arrest of the time, date and place where the offender is to appear. While doing this, the police are supposed to exercise discretion to enhance the child’s rights and divert the child away from the mainstream criminal justice system(Larry & Welsh, 2004)            Search and seizure is another method of police methods of investigation. The law governing search and seizure is typically the same for both adults and juveniles (Larry & Welsh, 2004). This procedure involves among others photographing, fingerprinting, lineups and record keeping. Children however, just like adults are also protected against unreasonable search and seizure under the fourth and fourteenth amendments of the constitution (Larry & Welsh, 2004)            There is also custodial interrogation which requires the offenders  to be questioned often within the presence of their parents or attorney. This is because any incriminating statement arising from such custodial interrogation can be used at trial (Quint et al. 1996)            Because of the informality that has been built into the system in an attempt to individualize justice, much discretion needs to be exercised. Daily procedures of juvenile personnel are rarely subject to judicial review except when they violate the youth’s constitutional rights (Larry & Welsh, 2004) and as a result, discretion sometimes deteriorates into discrimination and other abuses on the part of the police.  Too little discretion gives insufficient flexibility to treat juvenile offenders as individuals while too much leads to injustice (Larry & Welsh, 2004).  Police for instance are likely to act formally with African American suspects and use their discretion to benefit whites (Larry & Welsh, 2004). Other factors include environmental factors whereby the police have that in born mentality within them that certain places, or if a child comes form a particular place, then he/she is likely to be an offender. This stereotypy thus falls under the environmental factors.            Police bias can also be as a result of the situation and conditions under which the child is arrested. If the child brings complications such as putting up a resistance against the arrest and therefore fights the officer, or merely has a bad or negative attitude, then he is likely to be arrested in such a case discretionary justice is likely to take place (Larry & Welsh, 2004). It should be noted also that discretionary decisions are made without guidelines from the police administration. As noted earlier, there are many factors that influence the decisions made by the police about juvenile offenders. among the ones not mentioned include, the seriousness of the offense, the harm inflicted on the victim and the likelihood that the juvenile will break the law again (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            The police have however taken the lead in delinquency prevention by employing a number of strategic measures some of which rely on their different powers. Others have relied on schools, the community and other juvenile justice agencies (Quint et al, 1996).            One of these strategies of contemporary prevention relies on aggressive patrolling at specific patterns of delinquency. This is what we refer to as aggressive law enforcement. The police here target gang areas and arrest members for any violations. The tactic however has not proved to be effective since in most cases, the results tend to be unsatisfactory (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            In 1996 for example, the Dallas police initiated the strategy, which led to significant reduction in gang activity, targeting truancy and curfew laws but the saturation patrols proved ineffective (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            Police have also worked with schools to improve their safety and prevent delinquency in the community through organizations of various programs (Quint et al. 1996). The problem here however lies in the view that is held by some people over police in schools. These people assert that this infringement on the personal freedoms of students (Larry & Welsh, 2004)  and that schools  should be left to run sovereignly. There are also others who call for greater use of police in schools, especially those schools that have experienced violent incidents in the past by students against teachers (Larry & Welsh, 2004).            Community policing may also be employed here. Community policing models are put in place aimed at improving relationships between the community and the police. This will be important since many juveniles will then have a high regard for the police. Conclusion The ever-changing nature of juvenile delinquency thus calls for more experimentation and innovation in policing strategies inorder to prevent delinquency (Larry & Welsh, 2004). Among the first steps therefore should be tailoring policing activities to prevailing local conditions and providing for an enlargement in the community and other stakeholders   References Emergency Net News Service, 1996 http://www.emergency.com/juvycrim.htm Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C. Welsh (2004). Juvenile Delinquency. Belmont, Calif: Thomas Wadsworth Quint Thurman, Andrew Giacomazzi, Michael Reisig and David Mueller (1996). Community based Gang Prevention and Intervention: An Evaluation of the Neutral Zone: Crime and Delinquency
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay
Explain the level of prevention with teen pregnancy (can choose your own level out of the three levels).            Teenage pregnancy has been a major problem not only in the developed world but also recently in the developing nations. In the US and Canada, due to the increased awareness amongst teenagers, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is decreasing. However, in several developing nations, the incidence of teenage pregnancies is on the rise. In the year 1999, it was found that about 97 teenagers out of every 1000 between the ages of 15 to 19 years were pregnant and about 80 % of them were not desired. Before the age of 18 years, 80 % of the teenage girls have sex. The age of menarche has also dropped to 12 to 13 years (Weiss, 2000).            Teenage pregnancies may not be intended for social reasons but due to other including medical and psychological. The chances of the girl to have a miscarriage, abortion, stillborn baby, etc, are reasonable higher. These girls are usually the ones who belong to the lower socioeconomic groups and the chances of living in poverty are realistically higher. The financial burden on the woman would also increase, as she would now have to leave her studies and pick up some job in order to support her child. Children born from a teen mother are frequently underweight and are at a high risk of developing health problems. Due to a number of causes, it is always preferred that teenage pregnancies are prevented.            There are three different levels of prevention when it comes to teenage pregnancies. These include primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention includes measures to prevent pregnancies through physical or other methods. These include use of contraceptive pills, condoms, etc. This helps to reduce minimize the risk of getting pregnant. Secondary prevention includes checkups, scans, etc, to ensure that the girl does not get pregnant. This is usually followed if primary prevention is not enabled. Tertiary prevention of includes taking measures to prevent any further pregnancies after one has already occurred in the teenage girls. The best level of prevention would be primary prevention (Connelly & Inui, 2004).      How might this specific level of prevention be addressed in a community experiencing an increase in family violence.            There are several measures which need to be adopted for primary prevention of teenage pregnancies. These include health education, sex education, school and college based programs, health services, use of condoms, use of contraceptives (birth control pills), etc.            In the teen pregnancy prevention program several people belonging to the community should be involved including the teenagers, parents, teachers, legislatures, administrators, professionals, media, medical professionals, School authorities, etc. It is important that the entire community be involved in the program, as teenage pregnancy is a multi-faceted issue. People are advised to develop responsible health attitudes, behavior and practices regarding teenage pregnancy.  The program should be much more than just offering health services and counselling services.            The program should take place at several places including schools, colleges, health centers, public health centers, community discussions, etc. The targets of such programs should be more realistic and achievable. Both the boy and girl should actively take part in such programs. At all stages, it is very important that the family and the parents are involved. Besides, resources and materials such as condoms, birth control pills, education material, counselling services, etc, should be provided.            In the teenage pregnancy prevention program, multiple agencies should be involved. In the planning and implementation of the program, teenagers themselves should be involved. The parents should educate and create awareness in their children about sex and pregnancy during the childhood stage itself. Hence, involvement of the parents is also required. Mobile services would also help to create awareness in rural and far-flung areas. The trust should be in creating increased levels of confidence, self-esteem and decision-making amongst teenagers. Teenagers should also be educated about drug abuse and alcohol abuse. Drug abuse can affect judgment, which can lead to irresponsible sex behavior. Explain why a comprehensive health program should address all three levels of prevention.            Teenage pregnancy programs need to address all the levels of prevention, as focusing on one single level of prevention and ignoring others would create bias and negative attitudes of the community to those girls who have already become pregnant. As the rates of teenage pregnancy are reasonable high and a significant number of girls become pregnant during the teenage period, there are high chances that they would lead a miserable life. This may make it all that more difficult to enable the process of primary prevention. Several facilities such as health education, medical services for the mother and the child, housing, financial support, nursing homes, counselling, etc, need to be provided.  It is important that teenagers who become pregnant be given all the care and love during the pregnancy period and not be driven out of the house. Pregnant girls should also be given counselling services as they would not know much of the manner in which their healthcare needs have to be met. They should be specifically warned about drug abuse and smoking during this period. The focus should be on ensuring that the mother and child are healthy and do not suffer. During the pregnancy period, the young father should be supportive of the girl. The young mother should also be educated about the manner in which abuse and neglect need to be tackled. References: Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). â€Å"Principles of Disease Prevention.†In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill. Huberman, B. (2005). â€Å"National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.†Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site. Ontario’s Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). â€Å"Update report on Teen pregnancy prevention.†Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from OMNECD Web site: SHPPS (2006). â€Å"Pregnancy Prevention.†Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from SHPPS Web site. Weiss, D. (2006). â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy.†Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web site: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Water Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Water Resources - Assignment Example At Sattler and Brussels points, the volume of discharge indicates similarity in the environmental conditions of the areas surrounding the river. Therefore, Guadalupe River covers areas with similar climatic conditions that do not change abruptly making the discharge to be even. The climatic conditions of the two areas is relatively same, making the discharge volumes relatively equal, with the daily maximum and daily minimum varying minimally. The areas around the branches did not register changes in the land use that could affect the amount of discharge. There is a significant correlation between the flow and precipitation as witnessed in the change of the volume of discharge. The months of January to April register constant precipitation with the rest of the years having minimal precipitation. The relation between the minimal, maximum and mean discharge is constant with minimal variation in the discharge indicating the similarity of the environmental
Friday, September 27, 2019
Five Year Career Development Plan Research Paper
Five Year Career Development Plan - Research Paper Example This is because of the training programs I will have to attend in order to achieve the desired educational level. I will have to complete my Masters level education before proceeding onto my Doctorate degree. There are several promotion opportunities that will come my way due to the advances I make in my education. After acquiring my Master’s and Doctoral degrees, I intend to get a permanent job in a company where the employers will consider my skills level in granting me a promotion. While working for the company, I will apply my creativity and other personal initiatives in assisting the company to augment its efficiency (Brown, 2002). This will enable the management to take notice of my good work and recommend me for the promotion. The growth of my business in the next five years will enable me to expand the business to other areas. This will increase my power in the company since I will be dealing with a greater variety of products, workers and customers (Patton & McMahon, 2001). This expansion will prompt the expansion of the business management team. I will be the acting chief executive for the business and charged with the responsibility of making all the major decisions. There are several methods that I intend to use for managing my career. These include the use of tools for assessment such issuing questionnaires for gauging my performance within the business (Bohlander & Snell, 2009). The development of processes allowing me to investigate my competence will be vital in developing my career. They will enable me to determine whether my skills conform to the company’s goals and objectives. I also intend to use appropriate methods in setting and planning the actions I will take. The above methods are achievable through the development of strategies applicable to my circumstances. I will assist in rolling out these strategies in the course my duties to ensure they conform to the set plans (Brown, 2002). Currently, I am a degree holder in the f ield business administration and very proficient in using computers. I am an internationally certified accountant having achieved the qualifications after completing the required courses in a college within my neighborhood over the last year. I happen to have very good inter personal and communication skills. I can work for long hours and under minimum supervision while taking care of the equipment I am using. The education I have achieved throughout my school work assists me in very many fields. This is because I was enrolled into a curriculum that equips students with skills in diverse fields. I have also been trained in computer maintenance processes. This skills equip me with the ability to work independently when dealing with various types of technology. The attributes that will indicate satisfaction at my work place will include pay increases, promotions and adequate allowances to cater for my requirements. Satisfaction at the job place will be indicated by the levels of effic iency with which the above three features will be implemented (Bohlander & Snell, 2009). It will involve working towards achieving my goals and objectives without distracting the routine operations in my duties. The achievement of my goals and objectives will largely depend on the action steps I take. In order to attain my objectives, I intend to use efficient time management strategies to avoid the wastage of time and
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Health Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Health Benefits - Essay Example In addition, this paper outlines a design of an outcomes measurement strategy and a plan for my organization to use to assess the quality of care and reduce risk. According to Beattie (2014), one of the ways to evaluate quality of care offered to my employees by my health benefits contractor involves assessing health care processes. In essence, there are rules, guidelines, and standards that ought to be followed in provision of care. For instance, a physician or health care provided should treat a patients medical records with utmost confidentiality. Subsequently, a physician ought to consider the feelings of patient and as well respect his or her decision in regard to care (Kleinman and Dougherty, 2013). Therefore, I would ask my employees to appraise whether all these factors were considered in the care provided by the health care benefits contractor. Secondly, I would evaluate the quality of care by investigating whether the intended outcomes or results were achieved (Beattie, 2014). All health care services are intended to improve the overall health status of a patient. Achievement of predicted results in relation to care denotes the fact that the services provided were of high quality. Poor services are very unlikely to achieve the intended outcomes. For attainment of predicted or expected outcomes, it is of significance to design an outcomes measurement strategy or a plan to use to assess the quality of care. In elucidation, the design would include implementation of action plans to compare and contrast outcomes of medical processes within my organization with other analogous organizations (Nash and Goldfarb, 2006). Such comparison would help identify areas of weaknesses and ultimately lead to improvement of services. It is however worth noting that health outcomes are impacted by a number of factors. Patients can be divided into clusters, for instance, in terms of the diseases they are suffering from and age groups. This would
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
A New Model for Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
A New Model for Change - Essay Example These stages are saying goodbye which is having the commitment to leave how things used to be, shifting into neutral which is the middle ground between the old practice and the change which is desired to be executed, and moving forward which involves embarking in the set direction. Leaders should be aware of these stages, move from one stage to another by avoiding the tendency to be stuck. Understanding transition is one of the requisite for managers. For one, they are advised to bear in mind that their people need to be given some time in order to internalize the desired change. Also, managers should clearly identify the reasons why some of the employees are hesitant to embrace the transformation which is instituted. And lastly, they should realize that people are often held back not by the changes themselves but by the process of transition. The transition can be smoothly managed by the employment of a coach who oversees the process that the manager is going through to bring about the needed change. This is important because of a manager is less from being well-rounded and might be inclined in only in one functional area.
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Longitudinal Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
Longitudinal Data Analysis - Essay Example Since, the data is of longitudinal nature therefore it would be appropriate to use weighted data for adjusting unweighted data over the period of consideration. Weighting of individual data has been made for non-response of individuals within households i.e. same individuals were missing to participate in later waves of data collection. Individuals’ response data weights have been collected for 12 years from a variable – xLRWGHT included in the data set. Selection of Variables In order to study the relationship between educational qualifications and income levels of individuals the following variables have been identified and selected from BHPS dataset. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable selected for the study is the financial position of individuals. The associated variable from the dataset is ‘xfisit’ from BHPS dataset for 12 waves of data collected. Independent Variable (Covariate): The independent variable selected for the study is the highest e ducation qualification. The associated variable from the dataset is ‘xiqfedhi’ from BHPS dataset for 12 waves of data collected. Fixed Variable: The analysis is performed on the basis of ethnic background of individuals. For this purpose, variable ‘arace’ has been selected which is described as ethnic group membership. There are nine subsets under this variable including White, Black-Carib, Black-African, Black-Others, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, Bangladeshi, and Other Ethnic Groups. Hypotheses Establishment: In this study the relationship between education qualifications and financial position of individuals over a period of 12 years is investigated for testing out the following research hypothesis: H0: There is... The independent variable selected for the study is the highest education qualification. The associated variable from the dataset is ‘xiqfedhi’ from BHPS dataset for 12 waves of data collected. Fixed Variable: The analysis is performed on the basis of ethnic background of individuals. For this purpose, variable ‘arace’ has been selected which is described as ethnic group membership. There are nine subsets under this variable including White, Black-Carib, Black-African, Black-Others, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, Bangladeshi, and Other Ethnic Groups. Hypotheses Establishment: In this study the relationship between education qualifications and financial position of individuals over a period of 12 years is investigated for testing out the following research hypothesis: H0: There is no significant relationship between educational qualifications and financial position amongst individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. H1: There is a significant relation between educational qualifications and financial position individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. Methodology: The methodology that has been adopted for the current study is aimed at providing a detailed examination of the data that has been collected through BHSP for providing vital information regarding education qualifications and financial position recorded amongst individuals belonging to different ethnic backgrounds. This is carried out using Explore and Cross Tab options available in SPSS for descriptive statistics.
Monday, September 23, 2019
Cloud Computing Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Cloud Computing Assignment - Research Paper Example According to a theoretical viewpoint, the terms ‘cloud’ indicates the abstraction of resources, technology, and its location which are significant in establishing the incorporated infrastructure of computing which comprises of systems, networks, and applications. Most of the information technology experts view the concept of cloud computing as a model instead of technology. According to them, this model is used by the customers to plug into the â€Å"cloud†to access IT resources which are priced and provided â€Å"on-demand†. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants (David, 2010). The concept of cloud computing is a substitution for the service providing or the data centre through the delivery of an internet connection. At the basic level, the concept of cloud computing relies on shared services and very broad infrastructure convergence. A very precise def inition of the model states that it is a computing system based on the internet technology where the software, platform, infrastructure, devices and other resources are provided by the virtual shared server on pay-as you- use basis. Therefore, all such information which is provided by the digitized system in the model is the cloud computing. These services can be accessed by users with the help of ‘internet cloud’ even if the users do not have any prior knowledge on the resource management. Thus, this technology can enable them to focus more on the basic business functions and processes instead of wasting time on gaining the knowledge on the resource management of the business processes. The usage of cloud computing does not require the ownership of any type of infrastructure. In this way they are able to avoid huge expenses. They only use the resources and pay for it and most of the infrastructure of cloud computing comprises of the services which are built on servers and delivered with the help of common centres. These types of data centres permit the business organizations to introduce their applications and make them more efficient and faster with an ease of maintenance and manageability. Moreover, they also make the Information Technology able of adjusting the resources quickly in order to meet the varying and uncertain business demands (Luit Infotech, 2012). History The fundamental concept of cloud computing originated in the 1960s, with John McCarthy giving his opinion that the concept of computation needs to be established as a public utility some day. Then, Douglas Parkhill's , in his book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility, published in 1966, thoroughly discovered almost all the advanced features of cloud computing, which include elastic provision, the usage of the private, public, community and government forms and the comparison to the electricity industry. There were other scholars and researchers too, during 1950s, who worked upo n the features, operations and feasibility of the cloud computing model. The real term "cloud" has been taken from the telephony in the companies of telecommunications, which had continued to offer the customers point-to-point data circuits until 1990s. Then, they began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services which lead the IT
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Subway Smoothie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Subway Smoothie - Essay Example Our company will use four elements of promotional mix, which include advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relation. Advertising refers to the presentation of a standard message regarding the strengths, price and availability of goods or services by the marketer in an impersonal way (Weinreich, 2010). In this strategy, our main aim will be building the pull effect since our adverts will deliver a message that will make the product appealing to customers to buy it. Since fast foods have become a major concern, relaying a message on the importance of smoothie foods will pull more customers to buy the foods. We would also rely on sales promotion, which is the short-term use of incentives or other promotional activities that will stimulate the customer to buy our product (Urban, Sultan, & Qualls, 2012). This particular element helps bring short and immediate effect on sale as well as faster stock clearance. The technique will also help in the induction of customers and distribution channels; and will help us win over fast food competitors. As a business, we will apply such sales promotion skills as rebate, discounts, premiums, and usable benefits, e.g. buy two get one free. The general benefit will be attracting people’s attention as well as inducing them since our new product will be available at a lower price. We will also rely on personal selling, which will enable our sales team have face-to-face interactions with the customers. Since it is a face-to-face interaction, our sales team will be able to explain the merits of our products directly, thus increasing the sale of the product. It is also a flexible element, meaning the seller may change the offer according to various situations. It also induces customers to buy given goods in order to satisfy their needs. Public relations is the last element of marketing mix that we will apply, which
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Market Equilibration Process Paper Essay Example for Free
Market Equilibration Process Paper Essay Market Equilibration Process provides a balancing market opportunity for a business organization to adapt to the various changes occurring in the market in their field. To guide the Department in adapting to the demands of adjustment to balance the market. This will enable producers and buyers to be on the same equal price and products. Law of demand balance to exist there must be a request from the product or products or services. There must be willing buyers with the resources available to purchase products or services at the agreed price. Once the need has been established, these products can be produced or developed. Law of supply this product is supplied to the market the price the consumer is willing to pay, and this in turn creates a balanced market. In case there is a bug in one side, influenced by the balance and shift over to one side. In place of this type there may be a shortage in supply caused the price increase that would result in the competition coming in to fill the void. Other possibilities are to have excess supply in the market, and this will drop the price of the goods that may cause a significant decline in prices, would create an imbalance in the balance in the market. Efficient markets theory all participants in the market and all relevant get information as soon as it becomes available. The surplus in the market occurs when there is a surplus of the inks that are displayed is greater than quantity ordered quantity. In this case, some producers will not be able to sell all their goods. This prompted them to lower their prices to make their products more attractive. For many companies the competition and thereby reduce prices reduce the market price of the product. In response to low prices, and consumers increase the quantity demanded, move the market towards balance price and quantity. In this case, excess supply has been downward pressure on the price of the product. Shortage of market occurs when there is excess demand that is the quantity ordered is greater than the amount offered. In this case, consumers will be able to purchase as much of a commodity as they would like. In response to the demand of consumers and producers alike raise the price of the product and the amount they are willing to provide. The increase in price will be too high for some consumers; they will not demand the product. At the same time increase the amount of available products that satisfy consumers others. Here we show an equilibrium price of Pe. What if the price were P1, which is higher than Pe? The quantity supplied would exceed the quantity demanded at the price. The result would be an excess quantity supplied at price P1, or a surplus. But given D and S, there will be forces pushing the price back down toward Pe. Suppliers will attempt to reduce their inventories by cutting prices, and producers, seeing a lower price, will cut back on the quantity supplied. As the price falls, demanders will offer to purchase morethat is, the quantity demanded will increase. If not prevented from moving, the price will eventually reach its equilibrium at Pe again. What if the price is, for some reason, at P2? At this below-equilibrium price, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. There is an excess quantity demanded at P2, or a shortage. Market forces will cause the price to rise. Demanders will bid up the price and suppliers will raise the price. The point of this analysis is that any disequilibrium situation automatically brings into action correcting forces that will cause a movement back toward equilibrium. The equilibrium price and quantity will be maintained so long as demand and supply do not change. When we refer to a stable equilibrium, we mean that if there is a movement away from the equilibrium price or quantity, there will be forces pushing price or quantity back to the equilibrium level or rate. An unstable equilibrium is one in which, if there is a movement away from the equilibrium, there are forces that push price and/or quantity farther away from equilibrium (or at least do not push price and quantity back toward the equilibrium level or rate). (Stable And Unstable Equilibria, n.d). Market Equilibration Process Paper Market equilibrium is the point in which industry offers goods at the price consumers will consume without creating a shortage or a surplus of goods. Shortages drive up the cost of goods while surpluses drive the cost of goods down, finding the balance in the process is market equilibrium. A good example of a market equilibrium commodity would be the price of gasoline. Currently a barrel of oil is around $81.00USD. This has resulted in an increase in the price of a gallon by about $1.00 from one year ago to an average of about $3.00 per gallon of gasoline. While driving habits have not started to change, people are taking notice and may be looking to make changes should price continue to rise. The sector of the market that is taking notice and making a changes is those homes that use oil for heating. The recent cold snap in the mid-west and east has increased the need and usage of oil. The $1.00 increase in price per gallon of gas from a year ago is resulting in a larger percentage of increase in home heating. Consumers are starting to make changes in their live style in order to achieve a personal equilibrium in their budget. The dollar increase may not seem like much but the bottom line result is in increase of about 3% 5% in homes heating costs. The reasons sighted for the increase in oil is increased consumption by China, colder than normal temperature is Europe and shortages in Europe due to their unseasonable amount of snow fall in the large cities (2010, 07). With all the commotion going on in the Middle East and the ever increasing demand for Oil by countries such as China and the U.S it is very easy to see why price of crude oil and gasoline keeps climbing. According to Rodney Schulz of Schulz Financial, â€Å"One may argue that the oil market is not efficient because a few large players, such as some of OPEC’s largest producers, have the ability to move prices. And that is true, as well as the fact that insiders in those organizations can take advantage of certain information†(2012, 03). He stated further that Looking at the oil and gas industry, one immediately finds evidence of market efficiency with oil and gas prices. First, if the market were not efficient, firms that did nothing but trade oil and gas futures would be as ubiquitous as independent producers. Moreover, they would perform as well in down markets as in up markets. This would be an easy business to start, as there are almost no barriers to entry. However , firms that do nothing other than trade oil and gas futures are practically nonexistent (2012, 03). Reference (2010, 07). Market Equilibrating Process Paper. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 07, 2010, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Market-Equilibrating-Process-Paper-359014.html (2012, 03). Market Equilibration Process Paper. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 03, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Market-Equilibration-Process-Paper-932326.html Stable and Unstable Equilibria. (n.d). Retrieved from http://wps.aw.com/aw_miller_econtoday_13/29/7556/1934389.cw/content/index.html
Friday, September 20, 2019
Principles of Infection Control in the Operating Department
Principles of Infection Control in the Operating Department Infection control is a vital part of everyday life in Operating theatre departments across the world. It is used to ensure patient and staff safety throughout surgical procedures and patients stay in a hospital. Key issues that effect many if not all trusts across the UK include Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which is found mainly on the skin and in nasal areas of patients. This bacterium has become immune to antibiotics over the years and creates big problems in hospitals all over the world (NHS, 2009). Another infection, which has swept through our hospitals, is Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff). This is a naturally present bacteria which people hold in their gut but when a patient is given antibiotics for another symptom it can multiply the C-Diff bacteria and cause symptoms such as diarrhoea and fever (NHS, 2008). There are many more infection control issues surrounding hospitals and private healthcare trusts across the world. This essay aims to outline good prac tice in preventing some of these infection control issues. There is a set of standard precautions to adhere to when carrying out any surgical procedure. This was originally recommended when a patient was known or to be suspected of being infected with blood pathogens Deane (2000:39). In operating departments today every surgical procedure follows these protocols to ensure the safety of staff and others who maybe exposed during a patients stay in hospital. It is also the responsibility of the Operating Department Practitioner (ODP) to adopt any Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) supplied by the trust to prevent contamination of any kind. Deane (2000:39) suggests regular handwashing is important to prevent spread of any resident germs and also to reduce the risk of transferring any germs to patients. Ventilation is also an important aspect of surgical procedures and how it effects infection control and the prevention of spreading airborne pathogens Gilmour (2005:87). In the majority of NHS trusts in the UK the operating department staff will commence an operating list with a cleaning procedure known as damp dusting before any patient enters the theatre. Damp dusting is the cleaning of flat surfaces (e.g. trolley tops, worksurfaces, anaesthetic machines, etc) to remove dust from the perioperative environment prior to the commencement of the operating list (Plumridge, 2008). This is to reduce the risk of infection whilst the patient is undergoing surgery. Standard precautions recommend the use of Personal Protective Equipment for all theatre staff including aprons, masks, gloves, gowns and eye protection (Gilmour, 2005:91). Each practitioner or healthcare worker will assess the risk of contamination and the appropriate PPE will be applied. This is to ensure safe practice for all theatre staff and to keep the team free from contamination. The control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations came into force in 1989 and requires employers to assess the risk to staff and patients alike being exposed to and handling substances hazardous to health including blood and bodily fluids (Deane, 2000:41). COSHH is maintained by performing regular audits and staff completing risk assessments when potential risks are noted. I also personally believe that Heat Moisture Exchanging Filter (HMEFs) are invaluable to NHS trusts across the UK. These are little devices that attach to the end of the Anaesthetic machine circuits just before the facemask. It works with the heat and moisture from the patients own respiration by changing anaesthetic vaporises from a vapour to a gas. It also heats the gas up so it does not give the patient any trauma going into the lungs cold. They also have a filter inside, which will not allow any sort of passage for bacteria or virus to get into the anaesthetic machine circuit. A new filter will be used for each new patient again avoiding cross contamination (see Appendix 1). The ventilation system inside operating theatres offers a change of air at least fifteen times an hour (Mardell, 2009:272). This prevents microbial contamination infecting vulnerable patients and also diluting expired Anaesthetic gases. The ventilation system works by pushing clean air downwards, which in turn pushes contaminated air away from the surgical field towards the sides of the operating theatre and out of the exhaust panels. There are two main types of ventilation used in operating theatres the first one I discussed which is called Plenum and is the more financially suitable to NHS trusts. The second main ventilation system used is called Laminar flow this system is mainly used in Orthopaedic procedures. The reason for this is because it can offer in excess of 300 air changes per hour therefore drastically reducing any airborne organisms, which can cause postoperative infection for the patient (Technology assessment team, 2001). The ventilation system also provides the heat ing for the theatre. (Mardell 2009:272) claims that there is no ideal temperature that will be correct as it will depend on the type of surgery taking place. When operating on babies or children the temperature will need to be higher than if operating on adults, this is due to children and babies not being able to maintain their core temperature as well as adults. The use of patient warming devices such as Bair huggers and Blood/Fluid warmers should allow the air temperature to be less of a consideration for the patient and allow staff to set the temperature accordingly. Along with the temperature controls most operating theatres will also have a wall mounted control panel which also allows staff to set the atmospheric humidity. The humidity should be set at no more than 60% but no less than 30% as this minimises the potential for bacterial growth and static electricity (Mardell, 2009:273). The surgical field has to be set up sterile and maintain sterility throughout the procedure. This is usually an invisible box approximately 1 metre square surrounding the operating table which consists of the patient, surgeon and scrub practitioner, and must contain as little equipment as possible to avoid de-sterilising anything or anyone in that area. The surgical field is maintained by people only entering when necessary and to announce to the surgical team when doing so to avoid accidental contamination (Beck, 2009). The sterile field is designed to reduce any risk of infection to a patient or to any staff member involved with the procedure. It is achieved by performing a number of safe practices: staff dress and preparation, patient preparation, utilisation of sterile equipment and theatre etiquette during surgery (Parker, 2004:108). Aseptic Non Touch Technique (ANTT) is a form of rigorous handwashing that frees your hands and arms from living pathogenic micro-organisms (Hart, 2007:43). This is a vital part in preparing for a surgical procedure for the safety of your patient. If any member of the surgical team have a poor asepsis technique this could result in a Healthcare Acquired Infection (HCAI) for the patient. Unfortunately nosocomial infections are not a thing of the past and still effect nearly all of our NHS trusts across the UK. (Heritage, 2006) quotes Hospitals are places where sick people go with the expectation that they will get better. Unfortunately, however, there is a risk that hospital patients may become infected because of their stay in hospital. (Nazarko, 2008) quotes Every two minutes a patient acquires a Healthcare Associated Infection (HCAI). Every two hours a patient dies because of a HCAI. These are very scary figures and should make healthcare workers more aware of regular handwashing be tween patients. You can achieve full asepsis by using sterile equipment and ensuring none of your sterile equipment or indeed yourself come into contact with anything non-sterile. Whilst it is impossible to sterilise your hands the surgical scrub serves to minimise the number of pathogens on your hands (Pirie, 2005). A normal hand wash is considered to be inadequate, as it does not remove enough micro-organisms from your skin. Scrubbing up on the other hand is considered to reduce the amount of micro-organisms on your skin dramatically. Scrubbing up is a longer process and is performed more intensively by going from the hands up to just below the elbow. The difference in the two procedures is simply that scrubbing up actively reduces more micro-organisms on your hands and arms than a normal hand washing procedure, which reduces the spread of infection to your patients (Collins Hampton, 2005). Other types of bacteria that are found in operating theatres are called Spores. These differ from normal forms of bacteria in a way that they are much harder to remove from surfaces as they have a hard shell protecting them. The original cell replicates its genetic material, and one copy of this becomes surrounded by a tough coating. The outer cell then disintegrates, releasing the spore which is now well protected against a variety of trauma, including extremes of heat and cold, radiation, and an absence of nutrients, water, or air (Darling, 2009). These can be an extreme problem in operating theatres as some types of spores are released into the air becoming airborne pathogens which can then travel and settle into surgical wounds causing infection in a patient (Wilson, 2006). Waste materials in operating departments are divided into two main categories. One is Domestic waste, which compromises of non-clinical waste, which has not been in direct contact with any blood or body fluids such as paper, equipment packaging and food remains. This waste is usually placed into a black bin liner and disposed of accordingly. The other is Clinical waste which covers all other waste products that has had direct patient contact such as drapes, surgical gowns, gloves and disposable equipment. Swabs should not go into a clinical waste bag until the end of the procedure when they have been checked and accounted for by the practitioner. This waste is usually placed into orange or yellow bin liners and disposed of by incineration. Sharps on the other hand go into there own special bin provided and must never be disposed of in a bin bag in case of an accidental sharps injury to anybody. Infection control is vital in maintaining patient and staff safety alike. It is the responsibility of healthcare professionals as individuals but also working together as a team to carry out the standard precautions set by their trust. Simple things like handwashing between patients and wiping down monitoring leads can hugely reduce the amount of hospital acquired infections for patients. Always check if the equipment you are using is disposable or reusable laryngoscope blades, laryngeal mask airways etc and after usage dispose of them accordingly. When commencing an operating list always carry out your standard precautions for every patient this will help protect you as a member of staff but more importantly it will keep a patient safe. When disposing of waste especially clinical waste ensure there are no tears in the bag and the bin liners have been zip tied at the top to avoid any spillages, which could result in somebody becoming contaminated with any blood or body fluids. Rememb er only to open the hatch at the end of the procedure avoiding any contaminated air being let into the theatre whilst the patient is still undergoing the procedure. This could result again in an infection to the surgical site and cause severe discomfort to the patient post operatively. So always remember the standard precautions are there to protect staff and patients alike. They should be abided by at all times and hopefully we can reduce the rate of infection control dramatically.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Essay -- Literary Analys
 â€Å"I’m never going to act like my mother!†These words are increasingly common and yet unavoidable. Why is it that as children, we are able to point out every flaw in our parents, but as we grow up, we recognize that we are repeating the same mistakes we observed? The answer is generational curses: un-cleansed iniquities that increase in strength from one generation to the next, affecting the members of that family and all who come into relationship with that family (Hickey 13). Marilyn Hickey, a Christian author, explains how this biblically rooted cycle is never ending when she says, â€Å"Each generation adds to the overall iniquity, further weakening the resistance of the next generation to sin†(21, 22). In other words, if your parents mess up you are now susceptible to making the same mistakes, and are most likely going to pass those mistakes to your children. In The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, Sherman Alexie shows the beauty of hope i n the presence of a generational curse. Even though the elders are the ones who produce the curses, they are also the ones who attempt to break Junior from their bond forming mistakes. The curses that Arnold’s elders imprint on him lead him to break out of his cultural bonds and improve himself as a developing young man. Mr. P bestows the curse of hopelessness to Arnold, which inspires him to break free from the bonds of his ancestors. Even though his students see him as worthless, Mr. P is humble, poor, hurt by the ones he is trying to save, an educator, and merciful, which leads to the betterment of Junior. Going back to biblical references, the readers can see that these adjectives also line up perfectly with the personality of Jesus: the higher power capable of breaking generation... ...ibe. As Mr. P, Grandma, and Mary share a small piece of their lives with Arnold, they show him how hopelessness, insecurity, and disregard to curses can make people's lives miserable. Even though everyone in society recognizes this, they cannot break free because they do not have the opportunity of a higher power to break them from their generational curses. As Junior observes all of this, he decides to be the one who breaks free by using the hardships of the curses presented to him as a motivation. He is a symbol of hope in the midst of a generational curse. Works Cited Alexie, Sherman. The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. New York: Hachette Book Group, 2007. Print. Hickey, Marilyn. Breaking Generational Curses. Tulsa: Harrison House, Inc., 2000. Print. Moore, Beth. So Long Insecurity. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2010. Print.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Islam :: essays research papers
After the assigned readings and class discussions, I realized that Muslim law is very strict. Muslims must try to live according to God’s book, the Koran, and by the rules Mohammed taught them.      Every Muslim should pray five times a day: at dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, and night. He needs to pray facing Mecca. On Friday at noon, Muslims go to a Muslim temple to pray. After praying, they hear a sermon. There is no priest or minister, only a leader called the Iman. The mosque is built so that when the people pray they will face towards Mecca. Before they pray, the people must wash themselves. God is the greatest king of all, and no one should stand before Him with a dirty face.      Muslims are expected to give some of their money every year to help the poor Muslims. Once in their lifetime, if they can, every Muslim must go to the holy city in Mecca on a pilgrimage. Every Muslim who is physically and economically able to do so is required during his lifetime to make at least one pilgrimage (hajj)to the holy city.      Once a year, during the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast. For one whole month, from very early morning until the sun goes down, he does not eat or drink anything. Their fasting is very strict. They are not allowed to eat, drink, smoke, and engage in sex or violence before sunrise until after sunset for that whole month. Muslims aren’t even allowed to think about these things. I agree that this type of fasting can teach a person self -awareness and to be more sympathetic towards others who are less fortunate. Going hungry and thirsty for this amount of time allows Muslims to realize how grateful they are to have food and water.      Muslims also must never worship anything or anyone but God (Allah). Allah is the personal name of the One true God for Muslims. Nothing else can be called Allah. By having no gender or plural form, the name Allah shows its own uniqueness when compared with the word god, which can be made plural – gods, or feminine – goddesses. To a Muslim, Allah is the Almighty, Creator, Preserver, and Sustainer of the universe, and nothing is comparable to Him. In order to be a Muslim, to surrender oneself to God, it is necessary to believe in the oneness of God, in the sense of His being the only Creator, Preserver, Nourisher, etc.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Medieval Europe †Papal Reformation Essay
Since the Council of Nicaea called in the fourth century by Constantine to the early eleventh century, the Church was never established as a free standing institution. For over eight hundred years the Church had been under the authority of secular powers. Charlemagne and the Carolingians emperors saw themselves as the ones to maintain the Church materially, organizationally, and spiritually, while the pope was only an example of ideal Christian living. Social deterioration led to the corruption of the Church and its offices; simony being the biggest problem. The papacy itself was corrupted by simony and Roman politics. While reform had been taking place in the local levels for some time, the papacy was the last part of the Church to be reformed. The papacy reformation came about through three major popes: Leo IX (1049-1054), Nicholas II (1059-1061), and Gregory VII (1073-1085). The actions by these popes in the eleventh century would root out the corruption within the church and caus e conflict between the secular authorities and the papacy resulting in the separation and establishing of the Church as a power on its own. After numerous corrupt popes, Leo IX is considered to be the pope that started the papacy reformation. Ironically, he was appointed pope by his cousin Emperor Henry III. After being coroneted, Leo spent less than six months in Rome traveling through Italy, Germany, France, and as far as Hungary ( Blum, 485). According to Backman, â€Å"Leo recognized two things from the very start: first, the papacy could not be properly reformed so long as it remained mired in Roman factional politics; and second, the papacy needed to be seen by the faithful in order to secure the gains of the reform†(Backman, 268). Leo was literally the first pope to be seen by most Christians (Backman, 268), and he wanted to â€Å"project an image of the papacy in action†(Blum, 485). For a long time the title of pope was just a name without any meaning or power; however, Leo would change that with his travels. Leo’s great accomplishments were abolishing simony, help ending the practice of cl erical marriage, and improving the clergies training and education. Pope Leo IX, through his travels had plans of establishing his authority while also rooting out corruption still in local churches. â€Å"Leo staged large-scale Masses, pronounced Peace and Truce decrees, and offered all the faithful the opportunity to air grievances about their local church and ecclesiastical leaders†(Backman, 269). Clergy that had obtained their position by way of simony were given the chance to retain their office only if the confessed their faults and swore publicly to dedicate themselves to the reformed Church. According to Backman these acts were performed in public for two reasons: First, the people themselves got to hear the confession of their clergy, and second, the pope got the pleasure of having the faithful see the priest, bishops, and archbishops kneeling before Leo, in other words, used the reform-celebration itself as a means for establishing papal authority over the episcopacy. Henceforth, everyone understood that the bishops served as the legitimate leaders of the Church because the Holy Father himself had publically bestowed their office upon them. The papacy now stood at the head of a new hierarchy and determined its legitimacy. 269 The last major contributing act Leo had towards the reformation was the creation of the College of Cardinals. Leo saw that the Church was not intellectually able to deal with issue it was faced with. He created a body of advisors for the papacy that included theologians, lawyers, philosophers, historians, scientists, and diplomats. These handpicked advisors would lend expert council to the pope on settling and resolving doctrinal issues never really solved by the Church. One of the issues they dealt with was celibacy for the clergy; this would not be settled until Pope Nicholas II. The papacy was now the decision making center on doctrinal issues for the Church. Leo IX was a major turning point for the Church, but unfortunately he would not finish what he started. The next pope to further the papal reformation was Nicholas II. Pope Nicholas II built upon what Leo IX had already done. Nicholas and a council produced the Lateran synod of April 1059. The synod ended clerical marriage and established clergy celibacy. It also added to the strict prevention of simony. Also with the synod, Nicholas and the council made two major decisions that would shape the papacy up until today. The first of these decisions was to condemn the practice of lay investiture. â€Å"The ritual by which a lay prince â€Å"invested†a priest or bishop with the insignia of his office suggested that the ecclesiastical authority was subordinate to the secular†(Backman, 270). The papacy now condemned this seeing as the reforming popes were trying to establish the Church as an entity on its own. The Church wanted to control everything about itself and completely cut off any secular ties trying to control it. The second major decision Nicholas and the council made was mad in the Papal Election Decree of 1059. This was to ensure no pope could ever be placed in power by a secular ruler but only elected by the College of Cardinals. Backman describes it as this: †¦for all eternity the only way for any individual to become the legitimate pontiff of the Holy Catholic Church was to be freely elected to the position by the College of Cardinals. This decree removed the Holy See from the clutched of the Roman magnates, but it also declared the papacy’s independence from the imperial power. 270 These actions changed the state’s authority over the church that had been present since Constantine. When Henry IV came to power in 1056, he did not like the actions taken by the Church and trying to separate from his authority. The tension between the papacy and secular powers came to a high during the pontificate of Pope Gregory VII. Now Gregory VII had begun his career in Rome during the pontificate of Leo IX as Leo’s â€Å"‘secretary of state’ and author of his important papers†(Blum, 485). So Gregory had been around since the beginning of the papal reformation. His actions and policies would lead to the biggest conflict between the Church and State during this reformation. After dealing with carious rebellions, Henry IV’s resent meant lead him to prepare to attack Rome and deal with the papacy’s action. Henry wanted to show that he had supremacy and was the ruler of both Church and State. Before Henry could attack, Gregory responded with a declaration called the Dictatus Papae. This was a list of twenty-seven single sentence decrees about papal power. Gaudemet defines them as, â€Å"lapidary and unrestrained terms the universal power of the pope; his authority over bishops, clerics and councils, and his right to depose the emperor, to certify every canonical text, to make law and to deliver judgment from which there is no appeal†(Gaudemet, 470). Gregory was trying to establish that he alone, as the pope, had complete supremacy over both Church and the emperor. Henry took these Dictates as a direct attack on his royal rights and power. This led to both Gregory and Henry writing letters back and forth to each other with increasing t ensions with each letter. These letters led to both of them excommunicating and deposing the other from office at the end of 1076. The excommunicating of each other would lead to a major event in establishing supremacy to the pope. Gregory, being the pope, was still head of the Church, and Henry found himself still excommunicated. Henry and his advisor devised a plan to get him forgiven and restored into the Church. Being the pope meant that Gregory was a priest, and he would have to forgive a penitent sinner. Gregory was caught off guard at his castle in Canossa, Italy by Henry’s arrival and asking of forgiveness. This had made Gregory furious, but he had to forgive him. Gregory used this to his advantage, showing that he had supremacy over the emperor. Gregory made Henry stand outside his window barefoot wearing penitential rags for three days begging for forgiveness and pleading for restoration. While this move by Henry helped him with his enemies and restored him back into the Church, this move also hurt him. This move now shifted the supremacy towards the pope. The emperor was now seen as submissive to the pope and had to do what the pope said. While more conflicts happened between Gregory VII and Henry IV, the investiture struggle would not end with them. It was officially ended in 1122 with Henry IV’s son, Henry the V, and Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124) with the Concordat of Worms. This allowed ecclesiastical appointment to be made by the Church alone but also allowed secular rulers to participate with the lands and appurtenances supplementary to the positions. The issue of papal supremacy over imperial supremacy was circumvented, only to erupt again in centuries later. While Urban II (1088-1099) was able to finalize the reform of the Church during his pontificate, it wasn’t really until the end of the twelfth century that the Church reform came to a conclusion. Gregory VII and the popes following openly proclaimed the Church’s supremacy and sovereignty over the secular world. They had not only made the Church a standing institution on its own, but they had reversed the historical roles of the Church and State. Since the time of Gregory VII, the papacy had become a massive bureaucracy. The Church now had an ostentatious financial machinery, judicial system, bureaucratic structure, police network, and standing army. The Church was now its own free standing institution and would eventually become its own sovereign city-state.
Monday, September 16, 2019
Mark Twain and His Use of Humor
Samuel Clemons became known to the world as Mark Twain the man of satire and humor. Through his humor, he entertained the world during his lifetime and he has continued to entertain for generations. Practically everyone found him funny, but not everyone understood his biting satire. His subtly in itself was humorous. Twain was known toward the end of his life as â€Å"the man in white.†He wore an all white suit and with his shock of white gray hair and he would lecture or perform in front of a black or dark background. His image, when he performed, was a contrast between good and evil, just like his humor was funny on one level and piercing on another. It has not needed the careful, retrospective estimate that a great writer's death usually brings to his works for the reading public to have come to the conclusion years ago that SAMUEL L. CLEMENS measures up to a vastly more complex figure in literature than the mere â€Å"funny man†that his first and amazingly popular achievements in authorship seemed to make him. (Changing Humor) Mark Twain was exposed to humor from an early age. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri on the banks of the Mississippi River. The location of his upbringing was an important aspect of his life. Steamboats made regular stops daily in Hannibal. This brought a variety of visitors to the town. Many of those visitors had interesting and humorous stories to tell and Twain was always ready to listen. Most of the humor that he came in contact with were from the men who worked on the steamboats. They would gather by the local stores and the river bank to talk and enjoy a smoke. The young boys of the town found it the highlight of all of their entertainment to hang out around the men and listen to their stories of wild adventures laced with incidents that were funny. There were those who thought that Twain was funny because he was ignorant, but they were mistaken. Twain's repeated professions of innocence or ineptitude in literary craftsmanship are not to be believed. (Horn) He was an entertainer as well as an author. Audiences enjoyed Twain’s delivery of his own stories as they did reading themselves. He saw many flaws in society, and he knew that writing articles and lecturing people about these vices would only turn them away. However, when laced with humor, people were much more likely to listen, and then internalize the message. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the social injustices of child abuse, slavery, feuding, and hypocrisy in religion are told in such a way that the reader is amused as well as shocked at the atrocities. He wrote that Huck, on his decision not to turn in Jim, a runaway slave, that he would go to hell if the only way that one could enter heaven was to accept that a man could be owned by another person. Between 1876, when he began Huckleberry Finn, and 1884, when he completed it, Twain suffered a series of personal and financial disasters from which he never recovered. A short list would include: the loss of close friends, a drastic break with his publisher, financial troubles running to bankruptcy, ruinous involvements with various patents he had acquired; a bitterly disappointing return to the Mississippi River, Hannibal, and boyhood scenes; and the beginnings of chronic ill health for the four deeply loved female members of his family. (Bercovitch) Yet with all of the pressures of life he still used humor in his writing. Twain made use of the newly settled Southwest as the outset of his career. Using dialect and the regional setting as a tool for humor was just one way that he entertained his readers. The genre that developed originates from the politics and oral histories of a burgeoning region– full of fire and out to prove itself to the world. This enthusiasm manifests itself in bawdy, violent, and predominately masculine portrayals of the world of the Southwest. Yet beneath the savagery of the stories, there is an effort at realism and regional descriptions that had not been attempted previously. (Price)  He was able to take them to a place that seemed to move at a slower pace, and where the â€Å"city slicker†with all his education was no match for the common sense of the frontiersman. This is notable in the story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, where the narrator from the city is taken and made out the fool by an older uneducated man in a country store. Southwestern humor was not the only way that Twain displayed his humor. He did not feel the need to limit himself by only writing regional literature. In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, the Yankee is an idealist who believes that when transported back in time, that technology and reforms in the church could change the morality of the world. The naivety is presented in a humorous way, but people were forced to look at morality instead of only focusing on technology. The short story Luck displayed quite humorously the intelligence of military leaders. While the story is set in England, the purpose was to question leaders in all countries. He tells the reader that the man being honored as a brilliant military leader is really a fool. The narrator is a minister so he should be believable. He lets us in on the secret that the man has only made all of his heroic and brilliant actions were actually foolish blunders and mistakes. In Twain’s later years his humor changed. He suffered tragedies that would shake anyone. His humor transformed into bitter satire. While in Europe, he received word that his favorite daughter, Susie had meningitis. By the time he and Olivia, his wife, returned to America, Susie had died. This devastated him, and he never really recovered from his grief. A few years later, Olivia died. He threw himself into the care of his epileptic daughter, Jean. Unfortunately, Jean had a seizure and drowned in her bathtub. Mark Twain had lost most of his family and was a broken man. After the suffering he went through in such a short amount of time could only affect his humor. His anger toward God was the target of most of his satire. In his last work, The Mysterious Stranger, Twain chronicles the wanderings of Satan, the nephew of the famous Satan, on earth. This work was a product of his bitterness at the loss of the beloved women in his life. It was published six years after his death and was not completely finished. However, it should only be natural that a person would change during the course of his/her life. Mark Twain will always be known to the public as a humorist. He enlightened millions with his social ideas in a funny and entertaining way. He brought many issues to life through an amusing little boy that made people think of days gone by. He will continue to do so for many years to come. Humor has changed drastically over the years. Mark Twain’s writings are different from the humor today that relies on someone being hurt or frightened silly. It is refreshing to see the work of a humorist with substance. Works Cited Bercovitch, Sacvan. What’s Funny about Huckleberry Finn. 18, June 2007, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n27_v12/ai_18486848/pg_3 Changing Humor. 1920. The New York Times. 18, June 2007, http://www.twainquotes.com/19200321.html  Horn, Jason. Mark Twain: A Study of the Short Fiction Book Review. Summer 1998. 18, June 2007, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2455/is_3_35/ai_83585394 Price, Angel. Southwestern Humor and Mark Twain. 18, June 2007, http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/projects/price/southwes.htm Â
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Right or Privelege
There has been an ongoing debate for quite some time now about whether health care is a privilege that one earns or is a right. Throughout the news on television and throughout the newspapers and internet has been a lot of talk about the different types of insurances that we use to pay for medical care. Those insurances include the new Obama Care, Medicare for the elderly, Medicaid for the deemed needy as well as regular insurances that either employers or employees pay for out of pocket.Listening to the news as well as reading in the papers and on the internet all I hear and see is all the same things. What I haven't seen or heard was anything about our values and ethics as people. WSDL anyone think that it is okay to let someone die due to lack of health insurance or the wrong insurance? Everyone is different with their morals and values but I do not think that anyone would agree to letting someone die because they do not have insurance. I for one do not think that it is right at a ll and no matter what I think that if someone is ill then they should be treated right away.There was a Harvard Health study done that estimates around forty-five thousand people a year die due to not being adequately insured. Not only do those forty-five thousand die but according to a study done by the American Journal of Medicine they estimated about sixty-two percent of bankruptcies are due to medical illness and seventy-five percent of those people had coverage by insurance. I don't believe that health care should be considered a privilege. If it were considered a privilege then most of this country population would not be able to afford to pay for it.With the growing number or illness, especially within the elderly and knowing that they are on fixed incomes they need health coverage. I care for a stroke Health Care victim. She was originally paying for her health insurance out of her own pocket until her Medicare came into effect. With permanent disability they have to be disa bled for two years before they are covered by Medicare which I don't think is right either. Thankfully I was able to get her into the Medicaid program as well because she could not afford the health insurance out of her own pocket and she needs her medications which are quite expensive.Imagine if all of the elderly and disabled had to pay for their own medications, they wouldn't be able to live and function. As stated by The Stillwater Gazette (2012), â€Å"l believe medical care is a right that a civilized country provides its citizens. I do not the right employer. †I agree with The Stillwater Gazette, that medical care is something that everyone deserves because it is very important. For less fortunate who cannot afford to pay for their own health care and a lot of times cannot afford to pay for coverage through work.What happens is that it tends to â€Å"clog†the emergency rooms making it harder for the nurses and doctors to care for those who truly need trauma tr eatment. I have read and heard of people who do not have health coverage going to the emergency rooms for colds, coughs and general illnesses including the flu because the emergency rooms cannot turn anyone away. If there was a cheaper and easier way for everyone to get medical insurance then the emergency rooms would be less crowded and open and ready for those who truly need it.It would then also help regular Mad's with their practices because they would be able to have more patients to keep themselves in business. Driving through towns here in New Jersey I was able to Health Care count numerous doctors, even my old childhood doctor, losing their medical buildings due to a lack of patients. Due to recent technological advances our morbidity rates have dropped and our mortality rates have increased. Even though our technology has advanced it has caused the cost of health care to skyrocket our of reach for those who cannot afford it ND do not have health coverage.If health care was a right then the forty-five thousand people would have survived and gotten the care that they needed no matter how much the cost has risen. WSDL anyone be able to let an elder go without their routine check ups and their medications? I know I wouldn't be able to and I couldn't let my mother-in-law go without hers. What they need to do is come up with a general health care plan for everyone who cannot afford insurance to cover general doctor visits, emergency care when needed, eye care and also dental.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Kellogg Case Study Essay
Qualitative research establishes a conversation with consumers. It prompts consumer reaction to, for example, a new product idea and helps researchers understand what they think of it, how it makes them feel, why they find it interesting or not. Qualitative research may be obtained through focus groups, where a moderator captures feedback from a group of six or seven consumers to the ideas shown to them. Those ideas may take the format of drawings or having new food prototypes to taste. Quantitative research may use questionnaires administered to large numbers of respondents. This allows statistical analysis, such as the calculation of a mean score or percentages. It aims to give a representative picture of what consumers think of a new product idea or a new (real) food. It may involve the use of scales, so numbers get associated with a particular meaning – for example, on a evaluation scale of 1 to 7, where 1 means ‘very poor’ and 7 means ‘excel lent’. Crucially those numbers need to be interpreted to enable the business to understand the consumer’s overall response. In addition, Kellogg’s used secondary research which is existing research that has already been collected by other organisations. Sources of secondary data include books, journals, the internet and government statistics. Market research agencies collect a range of data which they process and use to provide organisations like Kellogg’s with research. The benefits of secondary research are that it is quicker and often less expensive than primary, although it may not always be completely related to the needs of a specific project. Information gathering – discovery to selection For Kellogg’s, the order in which the information is gathered is as important as the type of information being gathered. In order to develop the new Crunchy Nut Bites, Kellogg’s undertook four distinct stages of research. Stage 1: Discovery Initial research aimed to identify a set of new food ideas that would be suitable for developing a new Crunchy Nut product. Secondary research from Mintel and Datamonitor was used to find out about innovation trends in the cereal market. It was also used to find out about new products, flavours and foods from around the world. Food developers at Kellogg’s used this information to come up with a number of new food ideas. Focus groups were used to provide qualitative research. These were used to show consumers the new food ideas in the form of a number of different (real) food prototypes, including a mini crispy lattice product and a nutty triangle. The focus groups captured the attitudes and feelings of consumers towards the new foods. This primary research helped Kellogg’s to find out how new product suggestions could be developed and still fit in with the Crunchy Nut brand. It helped Kellogg’s to establish what consumers were looking for in terms of potential new flavours and textures. The results allowed Kellogg’s to discard some ideas. Other ideas were appealing for consumers but needed refining and further development. At the end of this stage, Kellogg’s had a number of new food ideas that all seemed to appeal to consumers. Stage 2: Selecting the best idea This stage aimed to select the best idea arising from the stage 1 research. Kellogg’s put the ideas from the focus group on boards. The boards had pictures showing product ideas and a description of what the new product would be like. These boards were then shown to a large group of representative consumers in a quantitative survey. They were asked to rate those ideas against a number of scales, so Kellogg’s could identify which product ideas consumers liked best or disliked. The quantitative data created specific statistical information that indicated that a new Crunchy Nut Bites idea was perceived as the most appealing amongst all the ideas tested. †¢ It established what proportion of people liked the new product idea enough to buy it. †¢ It also identified those product ideas that had the best or least sales potential. Information gathering – development to launch Stage 3: Crafting the idea into a complete new product Once the best idea had been selected from stage 2, Kellogg’s needed to make this idea become a real product. The Crunchy Nut Bites food prototype recipe was refined using the feedback from another qualitative and quantitative survey. The qualitative research helped Kellogg’s food technologists to explore the taste and texture of the new food idea in more detail. Kellogg’s needed to understand the ‘eating experience’ of the consumer before a decision could be made about how to develop the recipe in more detail. Following this stage, four product recipes were developed and these prototypes were then tested with representative groups of consumers in a quantitative survey to see which product consumers preferred. This enabled Kellogg’s to select the best one. Also, at this stage, the pack design for the new Crunchy Nut Bites was developed. Several designs were developed aimed at giving the new product the same look and feel as the rest of the Crunchy Nut family. The packaging designs were tested with consumers, which enabled Kellogg’s to select the final packaging design for Crunchy Nut Bites Stage 4: Forecasting sales for the new Crunchy Nut Bites At Kellogg’s, every product has to undergo one final test prior to a new product launch. This is called the ‘In Home Usage Test’. The consumers are given the product to try for several days and this enables Kellogg’s to capture how consumers interact with the product for the first time. At the end of the trial, consumers complete a report on what they thought of the food in the form of a questionnaire. This final survey measures how appealing the new product is to consumers and how likely they would be to buy it in real life. The data collected also helped to calculate a sales forecast for the new product for the first and second year in market. The forecast was used by the finance department to set budgets, organise the supply chain and to schedule food production. Once the data was analysed and the product concept tested, Kellogg’s was able to make the strategic decision to go ahead with the new product. Production could then take place. Conclusion Kellogg’s used market research throughout the whole development process for a new product for the Crunchy Nut range, from the initial idea to the planning of production and delivery. During the earlier stages of research, consumer responses helped Kellogg’s to explore lots of different ideas in an open way. It then crafted some ideas in more detail and screened those ideas with consumers to select the one which seemed to have the highest appeal. The idea became real by testing several recipes, refining the food prototype selected and developing the design for packaging. Once the food and packaging elements for the new product had been developed, the whole product was tested with consumers to ensure it met their needs. The data also provided a sales forecast to predict the first two years of sales of Crunchy Nut Bites. Crunchy Nut Bites has extended the Crunchy Nut family of products. In doing so it has brought new consumers to the brand and increased its consumption. Kellogg’s launched Crunchy Nut Bites in September 2008. Sales data shows it was one of the best performing brands to launch in the breakfast cereal category with a sales value of  £6.9 million in its first full year of sales.* This illustrates that the detailed market research undertaken during the planning stages was valuable. It helped to ensure that the product extension hit the spot with consumers straight away.
Sperm Banks
Genetic defects are the biggest problem when it comes to sperm banks. The greening process that a donor must go through is intentionally designed to be rigorous and exclude any donor that does not meet the high standards. Surprisingly, only one percent of donors are actually accepted nationally. The screening process involves a health questionnaire, physical exam, medical and infectious disease testing, a thorough sperm quality evaluation, and several in-person interviews with staff at the sperm bank.Repeated physical exams and disease testing are ongoing while the donors are active, which means that the donors must maintain a healthy diet and stay active. Although he sperm bank goes through the screening process, they fail to test for genetic diseases because of the cost. A donor will be asked about any genetic diseases, but to save three hundred dollars, a donor will not be tested for genetic diseases. This is a problem because a child that is born could wind up with a heart proble m that was not mentioned in the donor's profile.If a couple has no warning that there is a genetic defect, they could be very upset due to the suffering and the cost of medical bills. Sperm banks overall could just charge more money for a couple to go through the process and spend he three hundred dollars to have the sperm sample go through the genetic defect testing, to save the heartache of couples that have no idea their child will have a medical problem. Sperm banks create a problem of unknown relative production because most of the time a couple is not aware of who the donor is.Therefore, the donor could be a cousin or family member of the woman that is accepting the sample. Inbreeding results in increased genetic disorders, lower birth rates, higher infant mortality, slower growth rate, smaller adult size, and loss of immune system function. Because a couple is not aware that the sperm sample could be a family member, they would be very surprised if any defects came from the i mplantation. Lack of diversity in the breeding pool is cause by a woman trying to pick out the best sperm. When a woman goes about the donating process, she has traits for a baby picked out.So if a woman or a group of women continuously pick out the same sperm for one particle man, there will be no diversity in society. Half of the traits will be the same in several children. Donor children eventually producing their own offspring is a major concern also. A woman is also allowed to pick several samples from the same donors in order to have two or three children with the same man. This is going to be a problem because a donor may not have enough samples to appease the quantity the woman or group of women are asking for.So there needs to be a common balance between how many samples from one man are being given out to prevent the breeding pool from being the same. Psychological issues between the family of the child and the donor of the child are bound to abrupt. Currently, the sperm d onor is protected by a luaus that is legally binding that allows the donor to show no legal rights if he does not want to. These social issues arise when the donor child grows and begins to understand how they were conceived.Questions such as who is my father, do I have any siblings, and what is my medical history will eventually come about. This may cause a problem between the family, if they feel as though the child is theirs and not the donors. Jealously could even be a problem if the dad doesn't feel like the biological father. There is also an added concern that the child may never want to find the biological father. The process of sperm donation is very emotional for the family as well. Infants can be sweet and cute, but how will the parents react if there is unforeseen behavior or medical problems?There is always an underlying concern that those problems can arise. A sperm donor could come across issues within his own family if he were to have kids, especially if the donor ch ild was to find out. It would make the donor child feel unwanted and would definitely have a psychological impact on him/her. Overall, the sperm bank process can be very time consuming and costly. Some women may not take the first sample the first time, so they must have a few more samples before getting pregnant.If it takes years to get pregnant, a woman may just give up. The average cost of going through this process is close to ten thousand dollars. Not only is there a set fee, but if a woman wants certain traits or has to get more samples the bill is just getting much bigger. A family must be prepared for the cost and the waiting process of using a sperm bank. Ultimately, there are several things that can go wrong physically, mentally, ND socially; however, there is one story about a Louisiana man being taken to court due to a sperm bank's mistake.An ex-girlfriend intentionally tricked the sperm bank into giving her the man's sperm sample, and then took him to court to receive c hild support on the child. Who's to say that the sperm bank has not done this several times without it coming out in the open? Maybe a certain bank is not as secretive and is telling the identity of the donors, or not testing the donors properly? Overall, the donor and the couple would really eve to trust the sperm bank that they were doing business with.
Friday, September 13, 2019
Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Project Management - Essay Example 10 References 12 1. Introduction The success of projects is depended on a series of criteria, all of which need to be met so that a project is completed on time and according to the standards set. In practice, the achievement of the above target is very difficult. Failures in projects are common phenomenon. Despite the efforts made by managers for the limitation of project failures, the problem is still extensive in regard to projects in all sectors. The causes of project failure are reviewed in this paper. Reference is made to two, major, IT projects: the NHS Computer System and the Ford Online Procurement System. Both these projects were well structured, so that risks are minimized. However, they were finally led to a failure, resulting to severe losses for the parties involved. Appropriate literature is also reviewed for identifying the causes of project failure. It seems that project failure is unavoidable when a project is not closely monitored and adequately supported. Also, un der certain terms, project managers hold the responsibility for the failure of the project assigned to them. Under these terms, it can be noted that project failure is related to many, different, factors all of which need to be addressed in order for the success of a project to be secured. 2. Project failure – characteristics and reasons Different approaches have been used in the literature for explaining the project failure, as a daily problem in all scientific and industrial sectors. O’Carroll (2003) notes that many project managers tend to focus on planning for eliminating the case of a failure. The above strategy has been proved ineffective. It is explained that ‘two much planning can be a reason for project failure’ (O’Carroll 2003, p.175). Even the requirement for following strictly the deadlines of a project can be a reason for project failure (O’Carroll 2003, p.175). O’Carroll claims that when focusing heavily on the planning p hase of the project, project managers do not deal with the failure of the project; instead, a plan should be developed in advance for setting the terms on which the management of the project’s failure will be based. From a different point of view, Wysocki (2011) states that the project failure can result because of unexpected changes on a project. The characteristics of these changes are not clearly presented. It is assumed that any alteration of the project’s initial terms, as included in its plan, is considered as a change of a project. The level at which change can threaten a project is difficult to be estimated in advance. It is assumed that the threat can be higher as the alteration from the project’s initial terms is increased. Holmes (2001) claimed that the causes of project failure can be many. For example, a project is expected to fail for one of the above reasons: when it is not adequately supported by the firm’s top management team, when its pl an is not detailed, when the targets set are not feasible, when no provision exists for managing the risks involved and so on (Holmes 2001, p.16). In this way, preventing project failure can be challenging task, especially if the resources required are not available or if the time limits for the completion of the project are too tight, not allowing the identification of alternative practices for facing problems appearing during the development of the project. The ‘Japan Users’ Association of Information Systems (JUAS)’
Thursday, September 12, 2019
Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1
Rhetorical Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Rhetorical Analysis Assignment If I present alone, I shall handle the whole topic. We had initially presented as a group privately in preparation for a thorough presentation to the audience. Further to that we allocated our roles in a random manner since everyone in the group had a good grasp of the entire topic of rhetoric analysis of the website selected. The intention of the memo is to make the audience understand how rhetorical analysis is done. I intend to present my memo to my audience in a clear and understandable way. I have chosen to analyze: http://www.adidas.com/, which is an Addidas company website. Everyone will concur with me that they like Addidas brands. Because this website is simple and accessible to everybody interested in the Addidas brands, the websites provoke those interested in the company and instills in them an urge to use the company products (Adidas.com 2012. However, it achieves its purpose partially but there is still a chance to capture more users of the website. This will be achieva ble if the corporation alters the background of the homepage to be bright and captivating. By doing this, they will capture more youths who happens to be the main proprietors of Addidas products. It is commonly referred to as Logos. The intention of this is to form a cognitive response. Example is if an individual has never visited the website, they will be able to easily understand how to use the website. In this text, the homepage of the website is only designed and is made up of several features.
Wednesday, September 11, 2019
Quantitative Reasoning About Duggan's Article Essay
Quantitative Reasoning About Duggan's Article - Essay Example  Duggan et al do not comprehensively describe study design they adopted to test the stated hypothesis. The researchers do not also describe sampling method they adopted in the study. According to Lohr (2009), the success of a research in achieving study objectives depend on research design adopted. Findings of Duggan et al are, therefore, questionable. In other words, the study possibly had certain prejudices. Research biases, also known as systematic errors, distort reproducibility of a study. In particular, the study of Duggan et al was associated with selection biases and measurement biases. Selection biases occur when an unrepresentative sample is used in a study. Because sampling method is not clearly explained in the study, there is a high likelihood that a no randomized sample was used. There is a possibility of measurement bias because no clear model is used to gun-related crimes and location and time of a gun show. In addition, statistical testing procedures are not clear ly discussed.Data Analysis procedures and Ethical ConcernsTo test the hypothesis, Duggan et al computed the correlation coefficient between the rate of guns and magazines sale and gun shows. The procedure yielded a perfect strong correlation. The researchers, however, assumed a linear and direct relationship between the sale of guns or magazines and gun-related crimes. As a statistical procedure, Duggan et al arrived at a conclusion based on the outcome of correlation computations.
Tuesday, September 10, 2019
Drinking Water and Sanitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Drinking Water and Sanitation - Research Paper Example The lack of safe drinking water has led to a number of diseases and deaths, especially among infants. A number of goals have been set over the years with various ten year milestones. These milestones have been beset with various challenges. However, there has been some amount of success. Various strategies including the promotion of breast-feeding to reduce mortality in infants have been used as a means of dealing with the effects of the problem. Introduction Drinking water and sanitation are two important factors in the lives of human beings. Water is required not only to drink but also for personal hygiene, the preparation of meals and to ensure that our surroundings are clean. Some people do not have access to piped water and therefore depend on other sources such as rivers and streams. This water is not treated and in a number of cases is exposed to various factors in the environment. Among these factors are the way we carry out various activities including disposal of industrial and household wastes. In addition to that, there is the problem of inadequate and improper sanitary conveniences which also have implications for the supply of safe water. Over the years a number of goals have been set. However, they have not been fully realized due to various challenges that affect these efforts. Previous Goals and Achievements The period 1981 – 1990 was designated as ‘The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade’ by the United Nations (Cairncross 1992). During that period the aim was to increase the supply of water and hygienic toilets so that more people especially the poor could have access to these necessities (Cairncross 1992). A number of organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank were involved in this effort. Since then the drive for the improvement in the quality of life has continued as some of the targets were not achieved. In fact, Cairncross (1992) points out that a lot more needs to be done in order to facilitate efforts to make safe water and proper sanitation available to all people. Risk of Inadequate Drinking Water and Sanitation The problems that arise from inadequate drinking water and poor sanitation are far greater than the problems of war, terrorist attack and weapons of mass destruction but they receive less attention (Bartram et al, p. 810). The lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities can lead to waterborne diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis and legionellosis (WHO). This is a serious problem as it results in the death of approximately 3900 children everyday and therefore threatens the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs) (Bartram et al 2005). The developing countries are more at risk as microbial organisms which cause diseases are normally found in drinking water in these areas (Ashbolt 2004). The situation is worst in places like Africa and Asia where a substantial portion of their people live in condit ions of extreme poverty. Sequelae and mortality are the result as the body becomes less capable of providing immunity against diseases that are endemic (Pond 2005). Diseases associated with the intestines are generally more severe because of the high levels of mal-nutrition as well as the non-existence of strategies in these countries to deal with these types of problems. The traditional methods of filtration and chlorination continue to be used. However, these are not 100% effective as there are some chlorine resistant pathogens (Ashbolt 2004). The Millennium Development Goals According to Bartram et al (2005) 40% of the world population does not have access to a pit latrine and almost 20% do not have access to
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